Executive Summary

Mathseeds is an innovative teaching and learning program that focuses on the needs of students learning mathematics in kindergarten through grade 2. The program has been carefully structured to support individual learning by combining pedagogical research on number sense, child development, technology, motivation, and key curriculum initiatives. Taking into consideration the needs, learning styles, and future direction of learners in the 21st century, Mathseeds combines a highly motivational play-based online context with structured, sequential mathematical lessons. At the core it is a teaching and learning sequence consisting of more than 140 lessons where key concepts in mathematics are taught, explored, practiced and assessed. Alongside the core lessons are fluency and assessment components, as well as rewards and a range of teacher resources to guide students toward their most successful mathematical future. It seamlessly connects learning between school and home across a range of computer devices. Teachers are able to monitor and report on both whole class and individual student progress, and provide useful feedback to students, parents, and other key stakeholders in their schools and districts. Mathseeds is carefully designed to motivate and maximize student learning to provide the strongest foundation to achieve lifelong mathematical success.

National Climate

The National Research Council’s significant reports Adding It Up (2001) and Mathematics Learning in Early Childhood (2009) represent mathematics as a complex domain. They advocate a multifaceted approach to meet the needs of a broad range of students in classrooms across the United States. The collaborative position paper by the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics and the National Association for the Education of Young Children, Early Childhood Mathematics: Promoting Good Beginnings `(2010) stresses to stakeholders the role that comprehensive early childhood mathematics has in developing lifelong learners of mathematics. It outlines recommendations at classroom, community, and systemic levels to promote collaboration for optimal learning outcomes.

The Council of Chief State School Officers reviewed these key documents and took on the challenge to improve school mathematics by developing the Common Core State Standards for Mathematics (CCSSM). Success in implementing a mathematics program based on the pedagogical research and the CCSSM requires three essential shifts. Teachers need to focus on fewer content areas, on connecting ideas; and maintaining high levels of expectations for learning. Mathseeds provides teachers and parents with research-based materials that support these key shifts for kindergarten to grade 2 students. Each Mathseeds lesson provides exploration, practice, and application in one or more aspects of number sense, operations and algebraic thinking, measurement, data, and geometry.

Number Sense

Children develop their mathematical abilities following natural learning progressions with number sense being a formative platform for numeracy success (Clements & Sarama, 2009; Klibanoff, Levine, Huttenlocher, Vasilyeva & Hedges, 2006; NCTM & NAEYC, 2010). Broadly, number sense is the "understanding of number needed by children if they are to succeed in mathematics" (Howell & Kemp, 2006). It encapsulates counting abilities, number patterns, estimation; sequencing, connecting counting to cardinality, and number manipulation.

In their research, Cain, Doggett, Faulkner & Hale (2007) outline seven key elements that are core to number sense. Figure 1 shows these components: quantity/magnitude, numeration, equality, base ten, form of a number, proportional reasoning, and algebraic and geometric thinking. Faulkner (2009) asserts that ultimately these components of number sense operate as a useful framework in visualizing the interconnectedness of the principles of mathematics. It is important to view this not as a progressive model but rather to see that each component is connected and integral to each lesson.

Figure 1: Cain and colleagues (2007) identified seven core components of number sense.

Strong number sense has been shown as a precursor of future mathematical success (Jordan, Kaplan, Locuniak & Ramineni, 2007) with the suggestion it may prove to be to mathematics what phonemic awareness is to reading (Gersten & Chard, 1999). To help nurture the natural learning progress of number sense, students need to explore numbers and engage with them using multiple presentations and a wide variety of different activity types.

Mathseeds recognizes the importance of number sense and the strong developmental role it has for setting the most successful trajectory in mathematics. It situates number sense activities in scenarios that are familiar, such as playgrounds, kitchens for cooking, and shopping adventures. In doing this Mathseeds provides a playful environment to explore and interpret the quantitative concepts of number sense. This playful format also allows for number sense concepts to be presented and explored by students in a variety of ways. The sequence of lessons in Mathseeds supports children by continually revisiting concepts and building on earlier skills in a way that deepens their understanding. This provides a strong foundation for more complex mathematical processes to come.

Program Features

Key Elements

Research has indicated that several principles and critical factors underpin the most effective mathematical pedagogy and instruction. These principles include motivation and engagement, building on student’s thinking, making connections, structured lessons, tools and representations, feedback, and assessment for learning (Anthony, & Walshaw, 2009; Jensen, 2005; NCTM & NAEYC, 2000; Sullivan, 2011). Mathseeds combines each of these into an engaging environment for young children. The program focuses on student interaction and features a wide variety of short instructional movies and highly motivating activities. Students continually earn rewards which encourages active participation.

All Mathseeds lessons follow a similar structure. Each lesson focuses on a particular mathematical competency, with instructional lessons being taught by one of the five key characters. The program offers students opportunities to engage in practice and review activities, with up to 12 parts. Initial lessons build on the students’ early mathematical experiences and focus on developing number sense (NCTM, 2000; Perry, 2000). Other lessons focus on operations and algebra, geometry, measurement, and data (NCTM 2000).

Mathseeds Lesson 14 has 12 instructional parts and activities. The lesson introduces the number eight. It has as a strong instructional focus on the early skill of one-to-one correspondence which is an important prerequisite to rational counting (Reys, Lindquist, Lambdin & Smith, 2012). Figure 2 shows this teaching activity in action. Mango the monkey and Silky the spider help children identify the number eight visually and by name. Various activities follow that reinforce the number’s name and shape, and students identify number eight both in isolation and when presented as one of three other numbers. Students count one item at a time to reinforce the concept of cardinality. Figure 3 shows this teaching activity in action.

After the initial lesson animations, Lesson 14 continues with a variety of interactive activities that focus on number identification, number formation, number name recognition, number lines, sorting, and counting. The final learning activity is the e-book which recaps what has been learned and acts like a plenary for each Mathseeds lesson to consolidate new concepts and skills. The final part of each lesson is a pet-hatching animation. Each lesson ends with the hatching of a unique pet that is added to the Mathseeds map. This is a highly motivational element for children who look forward to seeing which animal will be next. These hatching pets act as both a reward for lesson completion and also encourage children to proceed to the next lesson in the program. In addition to the core lessons, the Driving Test area of the program offers a wide range of tests that assess skills and knowledge in number, operations, patterns, measurement, geometry, and data. While the Number Facts area of the program focuses on building fluency with basic facts, this section brings mental arithmetic to life, where students can engage in a huge range of fun activities that develop number fact fluency.

Active Engagement

“…behavioural engagement encompasses the idea of active participation and involvement in academic and social activities, and is considered crucial for the achievement of positive academic outcomes.”

(Attard, 2012, p.10)

Research indicates that mathematical engagement occurs when students enjoy the subject of mathematics, value their mathematics learning, and see the relevance of it in their lives. The ability to make connections between the mathematics that is taught in class and the mathematics that is applied in the outside world is crucial (Attard, 2012; Roschelle, Pea, Hoadley, Gordin & Means, 2000). Similarly, Willis (2014) has stated that "Relevance increases engagement and reduces boredom when students recognize instruction as related to their interests…" (p.30). It is engagement, rather than memorization tasks that activates more pleasure structures in the brain (Poldrack, Clark, Pare-Blagoev, Shohamy, Creso Moyano, Myers & Gluck, 2001).

In recognizing the importance of this research, the lessons and Playroom activities encourage students to make connections between their experience of the real world and mathematical thinking. Anthony & Walshaw (2009) in their research commented how:

"Making connections across mathematical topics is important for developing conceptual understanding… When students find they can use mathematics as a tool for solving significant problems in their everyday lives, they begin to view the subject as relevant and interesting." (p.156)

New skills and concepts are taught in a context that is relevant, familiar, and of interest to most young children. From choosing the correct bus as it drives by, to feeding birds the correct number of worms in a bird café, to getting an astronaut back to his rocket ship, the Mathseeds activities bring mathematical concepts to life. And with more than 350 different activities, students are always seeing content that is new and interesting. For students working through the program, the Mathseeds lessons and activities are all set in a nonthreatening environment that supports risk taking and rewards perseverance.

Instructional Formats

“Engage students by utilising a variety of rich and challenging tasks that allow students time and opportunities to make decisions, and which use a variety of forms of representation.”

(Sullivan, 2011, p.26)

At the core of Mathseeds are the instructional movies and interactive activities that make up the beginning of each lesson. Both the movies and activities have been purposely designed to encourage active learning rather than what Roschelle and his colleagues referred to as the "passive role of receiving information" (2000, p.79). Evidence supports the belief that students learn best when they are provided with short sessions, a quick instructional pace, and time to process new information (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2001; Jensen, 2005). As shown in Figure 4, Jensen (2005) recommends 5-8 minutes direct instruction for early elementary school students. The Mathseeds instructional video sequence is interspersed with short, interactive activities that serve as practice and consolidation, as well as a method for keeping students focused.

Figure 4: Jensen (2005) identified appropriate durations for direct instruction for children.

The Mathseeds Playroom contains several activities that have been designed for young children. They are a combination of open-ended tasks, such as stamping shapes to create a picture, or specific tasks such as popping balloons on a 0–9 number line. Figures 5–8 show these learning activities in action. The activities take into consideration the short concentration spans of young children, but several activities loop for as long as the child wants to engage and play.

Interactive activities are by their nature, more compelling than paper and pencil activities. A study by Moyer, Niezgoda & Stanley (2005) revealed the high level of creativity and complexity demonstrated by kindergarten students using virtual manipulatives and software as opposed to concrete materials. Mathseeds lessons use short and varied activities to maintain student interest and regular rewards to g motivation. The activities are playful so that students see them as an extension of how they play—and this means students are more likely to be fully involved and immersed in the activity, which also helps to build stronger connections and boost memory retention of new skills. Many of the Mathseeds instructional movies end with a song. This acts as an additional way for students to remember mathematical concepts in a fun and engaging way (Hayes, 2009; Jensen 2005).

One important feature of the Mathseeds instructional format is that on completion of every activity, the student receives immediate encouragement, feedback, and error correction in a nonthreatening way. Feedback in the early stages of learning is essential for keeping students on track and focused (Garnett, 2005; Griffith & Burns, 2012; Jensen, 2005). Hattie and Timperley (2007) reveal that "… the most effective forms of feedback provide cues or reinforcement to learners… in the form of video-, audio-, or computer-assisted instructional feedback…" (p.84). This view is shared by Roschelle et al. (2000), who confirm that computer technology encourages rapid interaction and feedback. Students who receive this type of prompt feedback are more likely to be motivated to continue (Fuchs & Fuchs, 2001).

The interactive activities that follow each lesson give students vital opportunities to review, revise, and repeat new skills (Jensen, 2005). They allow students to build on their knowledge and see the links between mathematical ideas, as evidenced as important by Anthony & Walshaw (2009). In keeping with the concept of a spiral curriculum (Bruner, 1960), the Mathseeds program is structured so that ideas introduced in early lessons are later revisited at a more advanced level. Mathematical vocabulary is introduced early in order to prepare students for future, more complex learning (Anthony & Walshaw, 2009; Jensen, 2005).

Learning Styles and Multiple Intelligences

“How students process information—how well they learn and how well they retain knowledge—is directly related to the learning style of the individual.”

(Manner, 2001, p.390)

Much has been written regarding individual learning styles and multiple intelligences; their importance and implications for learning (Adams, 2000; Bloom 1956, Clausen-May, 2005; Green, 1999; Tiberius & Tipping, 1990). The work of Gardner (2011) identifies the variety of intelligences that students apply in learning situations, highlighting the fact that not all children learn in the same way and require programs that reflect their different approaches to learning (Adams, 2000). The scope of Gardner’s work on discrete multiple intelligences is demonstrated by Figure 9. Educators can engage with the widest possible audience when they design activities that utilize their students' broad range of intelligences.

Figure 9: Howard Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences

Mathseeds is designed to appeal to different learning styles and multiple intelligences. The program’s content and variety allow all students the opportunity to engage in mathematical learning. The following examples illustrate how Mathseeds caters for multiple intelligences.

• Logical/Mathematical

Mathseeds appeals to those who think logically. There are opportunities within the program for students to calculate answers, solve problems with numbers, draw conclusions, explore the relationships between numbers, shapes, and statistical data, work with different representations of numbers, and gather and interpret information.

• Verbal/Linguistic

The program offers opportunities for seeing, saying, counting, reading, and writing numbers. The Mathseeds Playroom also offers opportunities for young children to hear and sing along with familiar nursery rhymes that reinforce counting and simple mathematical concepts such as days of the week.

Throughout the program, children are encouraged to listen and follow instructions. There are opportunities to read and comprehend word problems and explore ways of converting problems to algebraic expressions. Mathseeds characters expose students to new mathematical expressions and help them to explore mathematical vocabulary. Research indicates that these aspects should be modeled in order to enhance students’ understanding (Runesson, 2005). At the end of each lesson, students can read e-books that consolidate new concepts. The texts are professionally narrated which provides a model for the child’s own reading fluency. Figure 10 shows the layout and content for the e-book Near Doubles for Lesson 91.

Figure 10: Lesson 91, Near doubles e-book

• Visual/Spatial

The Mathseeds program features high-quality, colorful animations that have been designed to appeal to the visual learner. The onscreen graphics are bold, clear, and engaging. Lesson progression is mapped in a fun and unique way. Students are taken to a range of virtual habitats. Stepping stones mark their progress through each habitat, and on completion of each lesson, students move forward to the next stepping stone. This creates a very powerful and visual way of helping students see the progress they are making and ensures that they stay motivated toward their goals. Making progress visible to students is articulated in research as being a key goal (Adams & Hamm, 2014; Marzano, 2007; McLennan & Peel, 2008).

In addition, each Mathseeds lesson is accompanied by an e-book with full-colour illustrations. The program also has accompanying posters and worksheets to consolidate learning and increase information processing.

• Bodily/Kinesthetic

Mathseeds offers kinesthetic learners the ability to engage their senses and create an experience that goes beyond simply learning by rote which Clausen-May (2005) identifies as crucial. Early number concepts are taught in a very visual and kinesthetic way and encourage students to see numbers as wholes. The first Mathseeds song, "There Is Only One of Me," encourages the student to see and feel that they have only one nose, one face, one mouth, etc.

Bobis (2008) in her research identifies how virtual manipulatives can assist students with number sense and spatial thinking. In Mathseeds students are encouraged to subitize early on and the presence of dominoes, dots, and various other engaging items to count are available for all students to use— not just the kinesthetic learners. Research indicates that when given the appropriate materials, students can mentally combine and partition numbers. This is an important skill prior to the introduction of addition and subtraction (Bobis, 2008).

Early addition lessons physically show the main character joining two distinct subgroup together to form one group, or total. Only when this concept of addition is in place does the program present addition in the form of a simple number sentence and eventually as a formal algorithm. Figures 11–13 demonstrate the sequential building of this conceptual knowledge.

Similarly, subtraction is taught through more than one approach. Students physically take items away from the main group when learning how to subtract. They also learn to cover items up, and eventually progress to counting back along a number line, using subtraction number sentences and finally formal algorithms. This multilevel and kinesthetic approach allows students to understand why a method works, rather than how to just solve a problem (Clausen-May, 2005).

• Musical

Mathseeds is full of playful songs that act as mnemonics to aid memory and consolidate new concepts. The songs are popular among children and perfect for those who have sensitivity to music. The Mathseeds Playroom has a number of traditional nursery rhymes and familiar songs that reinforce simple counting skills and other mathematical ideas.

Aspects of rhythm are also used to teach mathematical concepts such as patterning. According to Mulligan (2010), "an awareness of mathematical pattern and structure is both critical and salient to mathematical development" (p.47). In Mathseeds students are encouraged to participate in simple dances, led by the onscreen characters, to demonstrate the idea of repeating patterns. Figure 14 is an example of one such song from Lesson 66 about fractions.

• Interpersonal/Intrapersonal

The Mathseeds program can be used in a variety of ways to promote interpersonal and intrapersonal skills. It can be used with a whole class or for a focused group lesson. It encourages talk and discussion, sharing, and group participation. The program can also be used on an individual basis for students who prefer to work alone at their own pace. It allows for thoughtful reflection on individual progress.

Mathseeds lessons encourage students to think about how they use mathematics outside of the lesson. This provides opportunities for students to draw on their own experiences and construct their understandings of the real world (NCTM, 2000; Perry, 2000; Tiberius & Tipping, 1990). In Mathseeds the onscreen characters model how to solve problems through discussion and rationalizing. They effectively teach students how to monitor the problem-solving process and demonstrate for students how a collaborative atmosphere enhances learning.

Motivational Elements

When addressing the issue of how to interest and engage students, Sullivan and McDonough (2007) refer to the student’s "willingness to persist" (p.698). This "willingness" is the motivation required for students to complete learning activities. Motivation plays a key role in learning (Gagne & Deci, 2005; Jensen, 2005; Rodionov & Dedovets, 2011; Sullivan & McDonough, 2007; Taylor & Adelman, 1999). Intrinsic motivation rewards students purely for participating in the activity itself, whereas extrinsic motivation is derived from gaining awards such as certificates or verbal rewards (Gagne & Deci, 2005; Ryan & Deci, 2000). These important, positive rewards impact student motivation (Griffith & Burns, 2012; Jensen, 2005). Mathseeds seeks to provide both intrinsic and extrinsic motivational rewards in order to produce total satisfaction.

Rewards reinforce existing learning and encourage new learning to occur. The brain responds favorably to rewards, the potential for rewards (prediction) and to unexpected rewards (surprise). It releases a sudden burst of dopamine that makes the student feel good and motivated to continue with the task (Bear, Connors & Paradiso, 2007; Jensen, 2005).

The Mathseeds program rewards students with a cute pet that hatches from an acorn at the end of each lesson sequence. The first time this happens is an unexpected surprise for the student. After subsequent lessons the student knows it will happen (prediction) but they still have the element of surprise as they do not know what each pet will be until it hatches.

According to Edward de Bono, "Humor is by far the most significant activity of the human brain" (de Bono cited by Griffith & Burns, 2012). The Mathseeds program actively motivates students through its elements of humor and playfulness. Each hatching pet has its own unique character that students can enjoy. In addition, the five key characters are role models for students; exploring new mathematical challenges and having fun whilst they learn.

Learning is an ongoing, dynamic process and the learning environment must continuously change to reflect this (Taylor & Adelman, 1999). The Mathseeds program moves through different locations, with regard to the lessons and reward maps. The key characters remain the same but they present the lessons intermittently to maintain student interest. The huge range of interactive activities are uniquely written and animated in different styles to prevent students from becoming bored and demotivated.

According to Taylor & Adelman (1999), "One of the most powerful factors for keeping a person on task is the expectation of feeling some sense of satisfaction when the task is completed" (p.266). Mathseeds rewards students with golden acorns at the completion of each lesson and activity. These get banked and can later be spent on clothes for the student’s avatar (online character) or furniture for their personal tree house.

After the completion of five lessons, students participate in an online quiz. If they pass, their efforts are rewarded with a printable gold, silver, or bronze certificate with their name on it. Providing a representation of a very personal accomplishment can be a valuable motivator to improve student achievement (Marzano, Pickering & Pollock, 2001). The range of rewards that Mathseeds offers students actively encourages them to engage with the program, explore it, learn from it, and value their progress.

Assessment

Assessment is necessary to monitor progress, to identify strengths and weaknesses, and to inform further instruction. Mathseeds provides multiple opportunities for informal assessment. Games offer immediate, interactive reporting directly to students; they know instantly if they are correct. Following this feedback, teachers can focus on an area where a student had difficulty by asking him or her to describe the concept or process.

Mathseeds also has a more formal assessment system built into the program. After each online activity, the results are uploaded to the parents’ and teachers’ dashboards, mobilizing continual progress reporting. In an assessment system that weaves through the entire multilevel program, parents, teachers, and students are offered strong, constructive feedback in positive forms that encourage further development and growth.

It is essential to have a range of both summative and formative assessment opportunities to enable teachers to make balanced judgements on the understanding of students across key mathematical skills. These assessments should present students with multiple avenues to show their knowledge and have distinct structures to cater for a wide range of students. At the end of a map of five lessons, students complete a 15 question assessment quiz that assesses their understanding of the content covered in the previous five lessons. Students receive merit certificates based on their score.

Mathseeds assesses student progress with regular Driving tests, which are 10 question tests that assess student knowledge in essential mathematics skills. These assessments have responsive feedback that requires students to redo questions they get incorrect. This allows students to critically evaluate incorrect responses to reinforce correct mathematical thinking. Teachers receive detailed feedback on all attempts and this gives them valuable information about their students' mathematical reasoning.

Another assessment component can be found in the teacher console, where teachers can choose from a range of standards-based assessment tasks that can be assigned to individual students, groups or the whole class.

This suite of assessment tasks provides teachers with the necessary tools they need to track student progress and to inform their teaching. Its rich, useable assessment data means Mathseeds can easily be integrated into a range of teaching and learning programs. As an interactive reporting program it allows teachers to focus on particular data sets. This data might illuminate class weaknesses to inform small-group instruction or reveal strengths where students need to be extended beyond the grade’s standards. The aim is to make assessment data accessible to ensure it informs the teaching and learning process.

Technology

As technology permeates all aspects of interactions, it has become "an ubiquitous tool for teaching and learning" (Li & Ma, 2010, p.215). The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics explicitly state technology as central in teaching and learning mathematics as it "influences the mathematics that is taught and enhances students’ learning’’ (NCTM & NAEYC, 2010).

Cheung & Slavin (2013) identify that as technology permeates 21st century living, the question for teachers shouldn’t be whether to use educational technology but rather what applications ensure it is in the best way for students (p.102). Technology that enables the manipulation of virtual objects is powerful (Hoyles & Noss, 2009), as are regenerative question designs that afford endless practice opportunities. By its design, the Mathseeds program takes advantage of the inherent benefits of computer technology.

The program allows children to manipulate objects in a variety of ways, to experiment without fear of failure and test out their new skills through a range of practice opportunities. Accessible on desktop and mobile devices, it bridges the home and school divide working to connect family and school communities in the learning process.

Research indicates the most powerful potential for tools are where meaningful interactions operate alongside sound teaching and learning strategies (Coley, Cradler & Engel, 2000) and guided support (Moyer et al., 2005). Mathseeds is an innovative interactive teaching and learning resource designed by educators to connect students to the key concepts of number sense. In teaching and learning sequences, students play with virtual manipulatives in short, focused sequences. This teaching is always linked to content in the lesson that follows and is a scaffold to provide guided support for activities within the lesson sequence.

Conclusion

Mathseeds is an interactive Web-based program that incorporates a huge range of highly structured, effective, research-based activities. It combines rigorous learning with high-interest level activities, taking into consideration the needs, learning styles, and future direction of learners in the 21st century. Mathseeds has been built on best practices in pedagogical research alongside core curriculum initiatives, creating a program that is both educationally sound and highly motivating. Mathseeds lessons provide an engaging environment for young children who learn best through play. The instructional elements and interactive activities are set in contexts that are meaningful and relevant. The program offers a range of age-appropriate rewards that actively encourage students to engage with the program, explore it, learn from it, and value their progress.

Mathseeds is designed to seamlessly connect learning between school and home, making learning possible anywhere and easily accessible on different devices. Its comprehensive assessment and reporting procedures allow students, parents, and teachers to receive instant feedback on progress and achievements made. Written by experts with over 25 years of experience in creating high-quality educational resources, Mathseeds has been carefully designed to maximize student learning and to equip students with the strongest foundation possible to achieve lifelong mathematical success.

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